Statistics for Public Administration: Practical Uses for Better

Maureen BernerAs a public administrator, you need to be able to analyze and evaluate policies, and understand analysis and evaluations done by others. This means having a solid working knowledge of how to apply statistics to the types of data used in local government so that you make good decisions. Statistics for Public Administration: Practical Uses for Better Decision Making, a completely updated edition of Statistics Unraveled, focuses on demonstrating how statistics can help you do your job better, rather than on a mastery of statistics.The goal of this book is to make you, as a public administrator, an educated consumer of statistical information—and an effective translator of statistical information. You get the tools you need to design an analysis, gather, analyze and interpret data, present results, and make recommendations. This book is a hands-on, practical, and easy-to-understand introduction to the basic concepts and methods used to analyze data in local governmen t. Vignettes at the beginning and end of each chapter illustrate the concepts through the dialogue of fictional local government employees as they attempt to identify and solve problems. Packed with tables, charts, figures, and review questions to reinforce the concepts, the author’s conversational tone and casual style will set you at ease and make you forget any math phobia you might have! With this book, you’ll be able to understand the general approaches and problems with public sector research and data measurement, conduct basic statistical analysis of raw data using a variety of methods, and evaluate the validity of statistical research performed by others. No other publication is aimed at explaining statistics specifically to the local government audience. There are other books with the purpose of simplifying statistics for a broad audience, but Statistics for Public Administration: Practical Uses for Better Decision Making, uses specific government examples and problems to make the concepts in the book both concrete and applied for local government readers. You get a solid understanding of how data and data analysis can make you more effective in your role in local government. And you’ll see how the sometimes theoretical sounding concepts in analysis can be used to create concrete solutions to everyday problems. About the Author Maureen Berner first joined the School of Government in 1998, teaching program evaluation, statistics, and budgeting. Between 2003 and 2005 she directed efforts to provide new outreach activities for local governments based on the UNC model at the University of Northern Iowa. In 2005 she returned to teaching and writing for MPA students and public officials at the School of Government. Berner has been active in research and teaching in both academia and in government, and her publications include a variety of books, textbooks, and journal articles. She worked for four years with the Budget Issues Group at the U. S. General Accounting Office, including a rotation to the U. S. House of Representatives Budget Committee while serving as a Presidential Management Intern. Berner received an MPP from Georgetown University and PhD in public policy from the LBJ School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin.

Legal Compliance Paper Essay

In order for a business to succeed, management needs to identify and comply with the laws and regulations in their area. Management needs to keep in mind that laws vary from state to state. Additionally, as laws are constantly changing, management needs to regularly update their company standards in order to comply with these ever changing laws. In the case of Baderman Island, the company first began its renovations in 1988 (Virtual Organizations Portal, 2012) the lighthouse was purchased in 1932. Since 1988, the company had to modify or change their business procedures in order to comply with laws and regulations. Legal compliance challenges that Baderman Island and other companies may have faced include employment laws, tax laws and regulations, property laws, finance laws and environmental laws. If a company does not comply with the laws and regulations in place, a company risks lawsuits, fines and possible company closure. Therefore it is imperative for a company such as Baderman Island to acknowledge the possible compliance challenges and reduce the liability of those compliances challenges. Legal Compliance Challenges Baderman Island Resort, will be expanding its operations and we believe as a team that some of the legal compliance challenges the organization will encounter are linked to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Equal Opportunity Act (Affirmative Action Act). The organization has to ensure the selection process and promotion process, the designing of the training and implementation of the training for the employees are taken into consideration to mitigate risk (Jackson & Mathis, 2008, Chapter 9, Training  Human Resources). In addition to the selection, promotion and design of the training; Baderman Island Resort has to ensure that the 80% Rule is followed and that an environment of disparate impact and treatment is not created to reduce risk (Moran, 2008, Chapter 2, Selection). Baderman has also advised its employees and the public, that they will be hiring and training employees to speak Spanish and French to develop a better relationship with their international clientele (University of Phoenix, 2014). A blog is being used as customer relationship management tool to identify areas of concerns and opportunities. The HR department and executive management team need to review what a bona fide occupational qualification means, in the areas that they are planning to expand and mitigate risk. The organization operates in the hotel and resort industry environment in order to have sustained growth; legal compliance challenges have to be understood, researched and communicated. The legal compliance challenges can have a direct impact on their cash flow, for example, if Baderman Island Resort was found guilty of race discrimination of Title VII Civil Rights Act of 1964, in 2006, the organization would be liable for paying $27,000 (Moran, 2008, Chapter 2, Selection). Discrimination and other non-compliance issues always present a possibility for legal ramifications, therefore management must constantly be aware of different methods to reduce liability. Options to reduce liability With the expansion of operations that Baderman Island Resort will be making, there will be a few different challenges that will take place and options that will help to reduce the liability of the company. Thorough and accurate training is one of Baderman Island’s primary concerns. Knowledgeable and impartial trainers not only help pave the way for new employees and continuous training, but they also represent the company and its values. Proper training perpetuates good employees with a good grasps of key concepts and knowledge. Improper training could lead to mistakes, production loss, liabilities, and possibly injuries. Hiring and training multi-lingual employees that speak Spanish and French is a great idea, to help broaden the company’s customer base. Management would need to ensure that all shifts maintain an appropriate number of multi-lingual employees, dependent upon business and shift requirements. If the resort finds that additional  languages become a majority including addition multi-lingual employees would be recommended for customer satisfaction and fairness. Customer satisfaction is always the ultimate goal of Baderman Island Resort; therefore feedback plays a critical role in implementing beneficial changes. Allowing employees to provide feedback for management review helps employees feel important and valued. Customer feedback provides an opportunity for management to spot possible weaknesses and areas in need of improvement. With three different methods of feedback and review: management, employee feedback and customer feedback management increase the opportunity for positive changes and increased repeat business and increased revenue. How employment practice compliance systems could assist liability reduction By not only creating equal opportunity employment, but creating an environment in which every guest feels as they are special, Baderman Island Resort, desires to achieve harmony within the resort. We at Baderman Island Resort take great pride in our training system. This system of training allows us to ensure every employee is trained on how to treat others, better yet, how to react when situations arise. Our trainers have all been through rigorous standardized training to ensure every employee is equally proficient with our expectations. This training helps ensure compliance with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Training every employee with the same standardized system will help ensure everyone within the workforce is treated equally, regardless of race, sex, color, or national origin. This also includes the hiring process. By providing continuing training, Baderman Island Resort can help ensure hiring practices are also followed. Each of our employees that are fluent in another language receives a bonus due to the additional assistance they can provide our guests. Those who currently employed or in the process of being hired are offered free language classes, which will result in Baderman Island Resort keeping a multi-cultural workforce. These employees will also receive the bonus once they have become fluent in the chosen language. Continuing to educate our employees and hire the most qualified individuals will in a more responsible and caring workforce. A vast portion of Baderman Island’s success and lifespan is a direct result from complying with the laws and regulations in their area. The fact that Baderman Island has expanded since first opening its doors in 1988 and it has plans to continue to expand, reflects the constant attention to the  changing laws and regulations. Baderman Island will continue to be successful if management continues to analyze and reduce compliance challenges. References Jackson, J.H., & Mathis, R.L. (2008). Home Resource Management (12th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection. Moran, J.J. (2008). Employment Law. Employment Challenges in the Business Environment (4th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection. University of Phoenix. (2014). Baderman Island Resort [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HRM420 website. Virtual Organizations Portal., Apollo Group, Inc., & Baderman Island. (2012). eCampus: Login. Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/BadermanIsland/internet/index.asp

A view from a bridge by Arthur miller Essay Example for Free

A view from a bridge by Arthur miller Essay Arthur Miller (560) , Bridge (30) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? At the beginning of act 2 in â€Å"a view from a bridge† Arthur Miller creates tension in a number of ways. The first way Arthur miller creates a sense of drama by using body language eg) Eddie’s arm â€Å"jerks slightly in shock† the body language of Eddie is Eddie showing his feelings of disapproval of Katherine and Rodolpho going out together to add to Eddys anger the fact that they both come out of the bedroom together. This shows Eddies love for Katharine but he is becoming far too over protective over Katherine. Arthur Miller also creates tension through the use of short sharp sentences through the scene as well as the repetition of key phrases during the scene, eg) when Katherine says â€Å"I think I can’t stay here no more† when Eddie says â€Å"You aint goin’ nowheres† after that Katherine says: â€Å"Eddie I’m not gonna be a baby anymore† these are all extremely short sentences used within quick succession. The use of short sentences like this is to heighten the drama by showing the views that the characters are in an angry and aggressive as mood well as showing Katherine’s new fear of Eddie and that something is inevitably going to happen. Certain unexpected key events occur in this scene, which shock the audience and create a heightened dramatic impact. This is when Eddie â€Å"reaches out suddenly, draws her to him, as she strives to free herself he kisses her on the mouth† then Rodolpho tells Eddie â€Å"have respect for her† after that: â€Å"Rodolpho flies at him in attack. Eddie pins his arms, laughing and suddenly kisses him. This shows that Eddie’s feelings for Katherine are so powerful that they are uncontrollable; this causes the audience to be shocked and lose respect for Eddie. As well as these happenings, emotions are revealed in this scene, which heightens the tension. This is shown best by Katherine’s fear of Eddie because she usually shows such admiration for Eddie. Eddie crying is also eddy showing emotion â€Å"Eddie strands of tears rolling down his face as h laughs mockingly at Rodolpho. † While Katherine â€Å"is staring at him in horror† Katherine and Rodolpho are also behaving â€Å"out of character† by showing disrespect towards Eddie. Katherine usually acts childish towards him as if Eddie really is her father; and Rodolpho is usually trying to avoid conflict with Eddie as well as trying to win Eddies approval over Katherine Craig young 11vk The mix of violence, humiliation and control in this scene all help to create dramatic impact. This is shown when Rodolpho is violent towards Eddie â€Å"Rodolpho flies at him in attack. † This shows the audience how Rodolpho has changed his attitude towards Eddie. Eddie shows control by forcibly kissing Katherine and then Rodolpho. Eddie does this to show his authority over Katherine and Rodolpho, and to degrade Rodolpho by showing that he has control over him. Further more proving that, Eddie is stronger than Rodolpho. In conclusion the contrast between the events with Eddie and Katherine and the mood of Alferi’s speech at the end of the scene, also creates a sense of tension; due to the contrast between the short sharp aggressive sentences earlier on in the scene then when Alferi speaks there becomes longer calmer sentences, this contrast creates a sense of tension by making the audience think that something more is going to happen. As well as this a part of Alferi’s speech makes the audience realise that something terrible was inevitably going to happen â€Å"but I will never forget how dark the room came when he looked at me; his eyes were tunnels. I kept wanting to call the police, but nothing had happened. Nothing at all had really happened. † This shows that Alferi had the feeling that something had already happened so it seems almost certain that something would happen. A view from a bridge by Arthur miller. (2017, Oct 08).

Libyas Tourism Industry Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Libyas Tourism Industry - Research Proposal Example The sudden increase of travel to the country from different parts of the world has resulted in enormous pressure on the natural environment. Negative impacts due to recreational activities within the country parks have occurred. Littering was one of the impacts caused by recreational activities. Refuse throughout the parks, as well heaped in rubbish bins was a common occurrence. In addition, animals' lives were also threatened by so-called ecotourism activities, which were organized by local travel agencies. Since this time, the government became aware the ecotourism market and the invaluable ecotourism resources in the country could serve as alternative attractions for visitors. The government cannot rely only on the man-made tourism infrastructure to retain the visitor number, as limited land is available for the construction of new tourism facilities. These facilities, on the contrary, may not be able to perform earn their keep because of the increasing number of visitors. Thus, m an-made infrastructures are not necessarily a cost effective way to develop tourism in the country. The present study will not only demonstrate an effective tool for ecotourism planning, but also will help in assessing and identifying potential ecotourism destinations, which conformed to eco-tourists' preferences, to facilitate ecotourism development in Libya. The assessment has provided a comprehensive understanding of the invaluable ecotourism resources within the country to identify the best suitable locations for ecotourism development. The study may be considered as a pioneer in ecotourism planning in Libya, especially in its application of ecotourism planning, which aims at filling the knowledge gap on ecotourism research. Despite the likely uncertainties and limitations, the study will offer a relatively comprehensive approach in assisting decision making for ecotourism planning. The study will also result in a better understanding of ecotourism resources, and where they are located. Comprehensive recommendations are also given to improve the approaches and strategies for t he destinations management. The understanding and recommendations contained in this report would provide essential information and advice for related departments in the government, to improve their ecotourism development strategies in the country. 3.0 Statement of the Problem The outbreak of eco-tourism passion triggered to the emerging needs for ecotourism products, as people believed that participation in outdoor activities could help to improve their health. Many travel agencies then started to package local tours in the name of ecotourism. These inappropriate tourism activities did not fit with the principles of ecotourism, but caused tremendous negative impacts to the natural environment. Many ecologically sensitive hotspots have been swarmed with visitors. This caused a far-reaching impact, which deteriorated the ecological value of the sites. Although the government has noted this issue, nothing has been done to stop and control such unhealthy development. Regulations may, therefore, be set in order to restrict humans' impact on the environment. To search for the most appropriate ecotourism planning and management approach in Libya, extensive research is needed. However, little

Report about Greece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report about Greece - Essay Example This has been the state of affairs affecting Greece. This paper looks at the turnaround experienced by Greece through analysis of the country’s GDP growth and its economic performance of the region. The GDP of Greece since 2008 has been on the rocks according to statistics provided by the World Bank (2014). The nation has experienced a mere 0.46 percent growth since this time with a low of -2.80 percent in 2010 (Tradingecomomics, 2014). Based on this, it is clear that the nation is facing an economic crisis. Despite this there is, the nation is forecasted to do better as it is now picking up from the low it experienced as shown in the graph below. From the above, one can see that the GDP of the state has been taking a downward trend, but has picked up in the last few years. This can be attributed to the reforms placed in the employment sector. According to BBC’s Mark Lowen (2014), through the job cuts and firm restructures, the rate of unemployment has reached an all time high of 28 percent and contrasts the turnaround experienced by the nation in terms of economic growth. Before, at least 50,000 jobs a year were made available to the citizens of the nation and the economy was growing at 5 percent annually. After the crash, the inverse was experienced with the rate of growth plummeting and the unemployment rate increasing rapidly. In accordance with Herbert Grubel (2013), the problem resulted from the instability of prices. That is to say inflation caused by those in government. The problem began when wages were reduced, resulting in the leaders increasing the nominal wages in the public sector. The higher wager resulted in the printing of more money, increasing the deficit experienced by the nation. All this resulted in inflation in the region and led to the collapse of the Greece economy and thus the increased rate of unemployment and the fall in the growth of the GDP. According to N. Roubini (As cited by George Alogoskoufis, 2012),

Cross-cultural Training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Cross-cultural Training - Essay Example Outsourcing poses a number of advantages to so-called host countries as this provides job opportunities for the local residents. In addition thereto, the local governments also earn revenues because of taxes and trade. Consequently, outsourcing is also poses a number of advantages for the company in question, because of this process, a new structure is provided for these organisations which enable them to cut down their productivity costs. To ensure maximum benefits related thereto, human resources employed by these multinational countries must be trained appropriately in order to conform to the business needs, Doye (2002) discusses. More often than not, when a company is outsourced, a qualified local resident or an expatriate is commissioned by the company to conduct the training and ensure that the company is properly set up in the host countries. According to Wittingslow (n.d.), the local headhunters must work hand in hand with the company in order to find suitable people to fill in the vacancies. This is deemed of paramount importance as the human resource officers are necessary in order to ensure that contracts and job offers are put together to remain competitive in the existing job market (Wittingslow n.d.). It is usually because of the abovementioned that outsourced companies face problems with respect to cultural diversity in the workplace. These multinational companies, in the process of outsourcing usually have a set of human resource policies that are in place. Nevertheless, these laws are usually tailored in order to comply with the labor laws of the host countries wherein they are placed. In addition thereto, the abovementioned situation also results to serious problems as regards the matter by which human resource management must be crafted in order to cater to this set up. Given this, the paper focuses on the role of cross-cultural training. Thus, to ensure a more extensive discussion of the topic at hand, this literature review shall be divided into the following sections: (1) Introduction, (2) Human Resource Management in the Twenty First Century: HRM and Outsourcing; (3) Cultural Distance: An Overview; and finally, (4) Barriers to the Workplace and Cross-Cultural Training. Hu man Resource Management in the Twenty First Century: HRM and Outsourcing Human Resource Management is often defined as the manner by which human talent is effectively and efficiently used in order to achieve the goals of the organisation (Mathis and Jackson 2007). It is the essential art of the process by which the organisation focuses on the people who belong to the latter. Tayeb (2005) mentions that whilst the aforementioned is usually the accepted definition of human resource management, the manner by which the same is carried out differs from one country to another. The traditional concept of human resource management has however, evolved. With the outsourcing of labor Tayeb (2005) believes that the human resource department plays a much bigger role. Generally, there are two cases by which the human resourc

Olympus corporation scandal 2011 and corporate governance failures Coursework

Olympus corporation scandal 2011 and corporate governance failures - Coursework Example counting standards for accounting investments , poor play by institutional investors , non-existence of strong take-over codes and the role of statutory auditors to certify the accuracy of company accounts (Tricker & Tricker 2014:176). This research essay will examine how Olympus Corporation was organised , will discuss in-detail about the prevention of such scams in future in Japan by suggesting suitable measures by strengthening the existing corporate governance codes of Japan. The Olympus Corporation (hereinafter will be referred as OC) scandal was related to financial reporting, which offers an opportunity to throw some light how both practical and theoretical issues were the causes for the reform in the Japanese corporate governance model. Japan’s continuous reluctance to appoint independent directors- the concept which was introduced in the U.S. on the pressures from global institutional investors in the 1990s was one of the reasons for the failure of corporate governance in Japan. The main aim of the corporate governance should address risk management and conflicts of interest instead of concentrating mainly on enhancing performance of the business (Schreck 2009:57). In the absence of independent monitors to make any probable monitoring of management, it is really not practical to make corporate governance more vibrant. A good operating environment would include updated information disseminations, strong implementation, especially through priva te litigations and entrusting active roles to external auditors (Woodford 2012:2). OC establi shed a tobashi scheme to transform its losses off the balance sheet of Olympus. A A tobashi scheme is a financial scam where the losses incurred by a company are camouflouged by an investment firm by transfering them between other fake or genuine clients or the portfolios. Cayman based companies were acquired by paying abnormal acquisition and management fees. When Michael Woodford, a British, who was appointed CEO of

Applied Immunology...subunit vaccines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Applied Immunology...subunit vaccines - Essay Example In Subunit Vaccines, as the name suggest, only the specific fragment of a microbe or an infectious agent (Thecochranelibrary.com, 2014). These fragments might be epitopes which are specific parts of an antigen that are easily recognizable to the antibodies or T cells. Subunit vaccines consist of about 1-20 or sometimes even more antigens, whereas it is an intense task to specify which antigen would prove the most efficient stimulator (Flower and Perrie, 2013). There are two ways of manufacturing these vaccines once the appropriate antigen has been identified: All vaccines go through careful evaluation to make sure that they are safe for consumption; however, there are some flaws in the structure of traditional vaccines that were illuminated with the creation of subunit vaccines. Usually, inactive pathogens are introduced into the immune system of a human being as a vaccine; being inactive means that the pathogen can no longer cause a disease because the viral fragment has been deactivated. The one problem with this procedure is the chance or reversion. Reversion is the process by which a microbe undergoes genetic changes, converting it into an even deadlier threat to the human body (Vaccine-safety-training.org, 2014). This risk if eradicated in the case of subunit vaccines because only the structural fragments of a pathogen are used, which means that there can be no genetic changes, hence no damage to the human body may occur (Stratton, Wilson, and McCormick, 2002). Another shortcoming of traditional live vaccines is that they cannot be used by certain groups of people, such as the elderly above 65 or even pregnant women. This is because even attenuated viruses can pose a threat to the health of these people, making it fatal for them to use these vaccines. Similar to the case before, subunit vaccines are introduced in the body as small fragments rather than a whole microbe so

Uninsured and Ill, A Woman is Forced to Ration Her Care Essay

Uninsured and Ill, A Woman is Forced to Ration Her Care - Essay Example Kaur, a year old lady who has suffered from glaucoma since she was a child. Hailing from a poor background, we see how her family struggled to take her to an optometrist who through and through prescribed stronger and stronger spectacles. Now a grown, married lady her illness is a crucial problem to her day to day work. Ms. Kaurs access to care for her eye condition has been affected by many situations. Ms. Kaur works in Manhattan newsstand, at her husband’s uncle, she makes $6 an hour, and she works from 6 am to 3 pm without lunch break for seven days a week. In her health condition, she uses glasses to see well. Her annual income when calculate sums up to $16000 per year. This amount does not qualify her or Medicaid or any other government health program for the poor. Occasionally she experiences eye throbbing pain that require medical attention. Her visits to the New York eye and ear infirmary, where she has been treated for glaucoma on and off since 1999, leave her in debt and having exhausted her earnings on medication and other necessities Ms. Kaur, sometimes avoids regular doctor visits. On many occasions, Ms. Kaur acts as her own physician and druggist though it is said that, with lack of professional attention, she may wind up causing a problem in her other eye. The absence of a regular doctor to examine her condition has also been seen as a barrier since she does not receive the free samples that many patients enjoy with regular doctors. A spokes’ woman for allergen explained that pharmaceutical companies have free drug programs for the poor. Ignorance is another barrier to Ms. Kaur health access the fact that she lacks a source of information about the readily available insurance programs for the poor, company programs for the uninsured this would have enabled her to receive xalatans for at least 6 months. Ms. Klau is also faced with cultural barriers, culturally a young woman in India was not allowed to work to make

Cause and Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Cause and Effect - Essay Example However, there is also an underlying anxiety about entering a new and unfamiliar world full of new challenges; and a hint of doubt about one’s ability to manage so many new challenges. Suddenly being pitched from the comfort of familiarity into a bewildering world inhabited by people from different cultures and communities – a world full of innumerable choices and temptations could be daunting. Another factor to be considered is that parents too are proud of the achievements of their youngster and getting ready to give him/her more freedom albeit with a touch of anxiety. Under these circumstances, living with parents during one’s college years can have many benefits both for the parents as well as the student. A student on the threshold of college life looks forward to an exciting new phase of independence and new and varied experiences. However, transition from high school to college could be tough; considering that one suddenly is looked upon as a responsible adult. However the freedom one has from strict parental control can be very welcome. Yet, freedom brings with it the weight of responsibility too when one has to take the consequences of one’s actions. Juggling finances and striking the right balance between academics and the hectic social and co-curricular activities, and yet making time to focus on studies in order to get good grades, cannot be easy. The sudden exposure to new people, who may be from varied cultures and backgrounds, new ways of learning when one cannot depend on notes given by teachers, and a different social and cultural life, can be overwhelming. Choosing new friends with common interests and adding others who can aid in your personal development are exciting and fun but can drain one physically and emotionally. Hence having the familiarity of family to comeback to everyday can be a huge relief. One can get gradually acclimatized to new responsibilities and a new social and academic culture while still

Reading the Constitution Essay Example for Free

Reading the Constitution Essay In their essay, How Not to Read the Constitution, Lawrence Tribe and Michael Dorf describe the ways the Constitution has been interpreted by different people. Tribe and Dorf make it clear that the idea that the Constitution should be interpreted based on what the framers original intent was is not the way to read the Constitution, it takes much more than that. Tribe and Dorf also explain that justices do not interpret the Constitution in a way that would please the readers (the people) on purpose, because if that were so then the authority of the Constitution would lose all legitimacy if it really were only a mirror for the readers ideals and ideas (p. 49). This means that people have the tendency to interpret the Constitution based on their own beliefs. Also, the justices themselves have their own beliefs and their own interpretations of the Constitution, but they should not come up with a decision based solely on their own opinions. The exact way to read the Constitution is indefinable, therefore in their essay, Tribe and Dorf instead described how not to interpret it and implied that justices should make wise decisions that are not entirely based on their own beliefs, the original intents of the framers made generations ago, or the expectations of the public now. In the case Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, Planned Parenthood was challenging a Pennsylvania law that placed some restrictions on abortion. Many opponents of abortion hoped that the Supreme Court would use the case to strike down the decision made in Roe v. Wade, which states that a state ban on all abortions is unconstitutional. The majority of the court voted not to do so. This is a good case for providing insight into the way justices interpret the constitution and make their decisions. Justice of the Supreme Court Sandra Day OConnor wrote the majority opinion for the case. The majority voted not to overrule the decision made in Roe v. Wade. OConnor wrote on behalf of the majority and wrote in the opinion that the main reasons for this decision were based on the principle of stare decisis and the fact that the cases central ruling is workable for the states and does not come at odds with other precedents. Also, OConnor wrote that the word liberty from the statement no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, (the Due  Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment) includes a womans right to an abortion. Thus, the precedent decision made in the case Roe v. Wade that deals with the rights to and restrictions on abortion still stands. Justices William Rehnquist and Atonin Scalia each wrote dissenting opinions about this case. In Rehnquists dissenting opinion, his main point upon which he disagrees with OConnor is that the right to an abortion is not fundamental. By this statement Rehnquist means that the word liberty in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment does not encompass the right to an abortion because the right to an abortion is not implicit in the concept of ordered liberty. Thus, he does not agree with the majority opinion. Scalia disagreed with OConnor and the majority about roughly the same point Rehnquist described in his dissenting opinion. The difference in Scalias opinion is that he believes there is no question that the right to an abortion is a liberty, but he states that it is not a liberty that is protected by the Constitution. Out of these three justices, Sandra Day OConnor would most agree with Tribe and Dorfs essay about how to read and interpret the Constitution. I believe she would be in agreement with them because unlike Rehnquist and Scalia, it seems that she interpreted the Constitution not by what she thought the framers originally meant, but by what she thought would do some good in the future. She also made it clear in her writing that the decision by the majority was not made based on the justices personal beliefs. She shows this in the majority opinion she wrote, the stronger argument is for affirming Roes central holding, with whatever degree of personal reluctance any of us may have, not for overruling it.

Their Eyes Were Watching God - Rebirth of Transcendentalism Essay Example for Free

Their Eyes Were Watching God Rebirth of Transcendentalism Essay A century elapsed between the period of transcendentalism and the publication of Zora Neale Hurston’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. During this time, the philosophies of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau faded as the post-war era of social realism began to dominate American culture and American literature. Thus, Their Eyes, published in 1937, was scorned and criticized by many for not being â€Å"political or serious† enough. It was not until twenty years after Hurston’s death that people began to appreciate Hurston’s works, especially Their Eyes, as important literatures in the African American and the American feminist movements. With further analysis, although Their Eyes is a modern novel, it actually takes the readers back to the period of Thoreau and Emerson; Their Eyes Were Watching God possesses elements of transcendentalism – self-reliance, nonconformity, and the over-soul – as supported by the essays of transcendentalist thinkers. To begin, a fundamental idea of transcendentalism is self-reliance, which stresses a person’s own judgment and intuition. Janie, the protagonist of Their Eyes, shows self-reliance when she uses her own judgments for the struggles she faces. For example, as she realizes that her marriage with Jody is tumbling down, â€Å"she saw that it never was the flesh and blood figure of her dreams. Just something she had grabbed up to drape her dreams over. [†¦] She had an inside and an outside now and suddenly she knew how not to mix them† (Hurston, 72). Janie knows her goals and desires, both are which shattered by Jody, so she must now distinguish the difference between the lies and the truth of her dream. Together with courage, her intuition gives her the strength to speak up to Jody on his death bed. Moreover, when she finally finds the love of her life, she feels â€Å"a self-crushing love, [allowing] her soul [to] crawl from its hiding place† (Hurston, 128). She doesn’t hide her feelings but goes to pursue her lover, Tea Cake. She is strong-will and has control over her feelings and thoughts. Even Tea Cake encourages Janie to use her own mind, â€Å"‘Nobody else on earth kin hold uh candle tuh you, baby. You got de keys to de kingdom’† (Hurston, 109). As Emerson would say that Janie possesses transcendentalist ideals because, â€Å"[She has the] integrity of [her] own mind [†¦] What [she] must do is all that concerns [her], not what the people think† (Emerson, 80). Her past experiences and her present judgments lead Janie to maker her own path in the future. Only when Janie relies on herself and holds her â€Å"keys to de kingdom† does she find her happiness and reach her dream. Furthermore, another element of transcendentalism is nonconformity, or individualism, which stresses the importance of finding one’s identity instead of giving in to society. Emerson explains nonconformity as â€Å"the great man who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude (Emerson 80). Janie shows exactly this on the day she arrives back in Eatonville. Dressed in her blue satin dress, she confidently walks past the women and men, ignoring their hurtful gossips and leaving them in awe. Despite her solitude due to Tea Cake’s death, Janie welcomes her independence; she is perfectly at ease with herself. Moreover, Thoreau also writes about nonconformity; he writes, â€Å"The only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think right [†¦] They only can force me who obey a higher law than I† (Thoreau, 104). Janie shares Thoreau’s attitude when she stands up to both of her late husbands and declares what she believes is right. Logan tells her that she doesn’t belong anywhere but â€Å"‘It’s wherever Ah need yuh’† (Hurston, 31). This is probably the worst thing he can say to his newlywed; it’s hurtful, disparaging, and disrespectful. However, unlike all the other women, such as Nanny, during the time, Janie stands up for herself by yelling back at his wrongs so she can gain back her independence and dignity. As for Jody – a husband who makes her tie her hair back, denies her of speech and social interaction, and abuses her – Janie finally takes up the courage to tell the truth at his deathbed. â€Å"‘All dis bowin’ down, all dis obedience under yo’ voice—dat ain’t whut Ah rushed off down de road tuh find out about you’† (Hurston, 86). Jody has crushed her hopes and dreams and her image of love, and she’s not about to let him forget that. She would not obey; she has no obligation to obey. After Jody’s death, Janie is finally free. Even more, she feels no remorse and she doesn’t mourn because the lost of her husband gives her back her individuality. Last but not least, the over-soul is another focal point of transcendentalism; it connects God, Nature, and Man. Emerson writes in his essay, Over-soul, â€Å"We live in succession, in division, in parts, in particles. Meantime within man is the soul of the whole; the wise silence; the universal beauty, to which every part and particle is equally related; the eternal One† (Emerson, Over-soul). This over-soul connects the broken pieces of the universe together. Hurston’s Their Eyes contains many details that support the over-soul. For instance, in the beginning Janie â€Å"saw a dust-bearing bee sink into the sanctum of a bloom; the thousand sister-calyxes arch to meet the love embrace and the ecstatic shiver of the tree form root to tiniest branch creaming in every blossom and frothing with delight† (Hurston, 11). This imagery of the bee and the flower symbolizes Janie’s dream. The bee and the flower coexisted in harmony, just like what Janie hopes her marriage will be. This is Janie’s innocent soul as depicted by nature. Later on however, as she’s forced into marrying a man she doesn’t love, she begins to know â€Å"the words of the trees and the wind. She often spoke to falling seeds and said, ‘Ah hope you fall on soft ground’ [†¦] Janie’s first dream was dead, so she became a woman† (Hurston 25). As she begins to mature more, she also begins to understand the sound of nature. Nature and Janie’s souls appear to be one, united and growing together. She talks to the seeds, warning them, sympathizing with them of a world that can be disappointing and unfair. Finally, after she shoots her beloved Tea Cake in order to protect herself, Hurston writes that Janie â€Å"pulled in her horizon like a great fish-net. Pulled it from around the waist of the world and draped it over her shoulder. So much of life in its meshes! She called in her soul to come and see† (Hurston, 193). Although it was a tragic and sudden death, Janie is in peace. The love of Tea Cake will not be forgotten because he will always be with her. Janie now understands the mysteries of nature and her world; she is ready for whatever that may come. Janie has learned and grown, most importantly, she has found her soul. All in all, a century later, Their Eyes Were Watching God leads to the rebirth of transcendentalist ideas, including but not limited to self-reliance, nonconformity, and the over-soul. Throughout her journey, Janie begins to identify herself as a self-reliant individual with a soul, all of which are transcendental characteristics. In the mid 1900s, because of the on going civil rights movements, an African American woman is the least expected person to posses all these traits. Even so, Janie Crawford becomes a prominent literature figure that gives people hopes and dreams, while fulfilling those of Emerson and Thoreau. Bibliography Emerson, Ralph Waldo. From Self-Reliance. The InterActive Reader Plus. Illinoise: McDougal Littell, 2003. 78-83. Print. Ferguson, Craig. Ralph Waldo Emerson – Within Man Is the Soul of the Whole; the Wise Silence; the Universal Beauty Transcendental MeditationBlog. N. p. , 27 Mar. 2010. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. . Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God: A Novel. New York: Perennial Library, 1990. Print. Thoreau, Hentry David. From Civil Disobedience. The InterActive Reader Plus. Illinoise: McDougal Littell, 2003. 90-105. Print.

Change Management At Sainsburys Plc Management Essay

Change Management At Sainsburys Plc Management Essay This report will examine the change management with focus on how change could be introduced, implemented and how resistance to change could be mà ©nage. Therefore we shallbriefly look at the change which had been taking place within sainsburysplc how it was mange and the success rate. It also evaluates the need for the change. How the stake holder analyst was done therefore the Sainsburys was used and the mckinsey company. Task one 1.1 The background of the Sainsburys plc Sainsbury plc is a registered parental company of Sainsburys Supermarkets Ltd, which is popularly known as Sainsburys, a chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom with special focus on property and banking business. HYPERLINK http://news.uk.msn.com/uk/article.aspx?cp-documentid=16788775SainsburyHYPERLINK http://news.uk.msn.com/uk/article.aspx?cp-documentid=16788775HYPERLINK http://news.uk.msn.com/uk/article.aspx?cp-documentid=16788775s profits see 11% surgeHYPERLINK http://news.uk.msn.com/uk/article.aspx?cp-documentid=16788775. MSN News. http://news.uk.msn.com/uk/article.aspx?cp-documentid=16788775 Retrieved 2009-06-13.. Its estate has been estimated to be about  £8.6 billion March 2007. Sainsburys was the market leader in the UK supermarket sector in much of the 20th century, but lost its place as the UKs largest grocer to Tesco in 1995 and in lost 1995 and was pushed into third by ASDA in 2003. The companys performance has improved by CEO Justin King in 2004 since the launch of a recovery programme. The company has been reporting its 12th consecutive quarter of sales growth. Despite predictions that Sainsburys would regain second position in January 2008, Taylor Nelson Sofres data released in January 2008 shows Sainsburys market share at 16.4%, behind Asdas share of 16.7%, but ahead of Morrisons at 11.22%. This report shall evaluate the series of change programmes in the company under the last five years with special consideration to the change types of change, change processes and how the management has been able to deal with issues of stakeholder analysis while implementing the change and how resistance to change was dealt 1.2 Business Transformation as a form of change which has occurred in Sainsbury within t. 2004-2009 Developmental Changes in the year 2004 Between 2000 and 2004, Peter Davis was chief executive of Sainsburys. Davis appointment was well received by investors and analysts the appointment was only confirmed after Sainsburys was sure of the support of the Sainsbury family, who snubbed Davis offer of becoming chief executive in the early 1990s. . ( Shah, Saied 2000. Sir Peter Davis brought back to take helm at Sainsburys (The Independent (Newspaper Publishing): p.  19). Within the first two year Sainsbury was able to raise its profit above the target but later drop sharply in 2004 when compared with the performance of its major competitors.Davis was the architect of an almost  £3 billion upgrade of stores, distribution and IT equipment, called Business Transformation Programme. . Business expansion and innovation strategy were used to implement the change. However his successor later discovered that most of the investment was more or less wasted and considered failed in his key goal of improving availability. Fraction of the investments witness the construction of four fully automated depots, which was considered at  £100 million each cost four times more than standard depots Townsend, Abigail 2006. ( HYPERLINK http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20060423/ai_n16212212How the HYPERLINK http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20060423/ai_n16212212HYPERLINK http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20060423/ai_n16212212Newbury processHYPERLINK http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20060423/ai_n16212212HYPERLINK http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20060423/ai_n16212212 turned SainsburyHYPERLINK http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20060423/ai_n16212212HYPERLINK http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20060423/ai_n16212212s roundHYPERLINK http:/ /www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20060423/ai_n16212212. The Independent on Sunday (Independent Newspapers). http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles . Retrieved 2007-02-08. . However. Lack of accurate estimation and appropriate consultation of the stakeholder was fingered to have contributed to the failure of the project and the change programme. Though, enough information were not make public on the implication of change on workers and other relevant stakeholders, but the sharp falling in the profit within the short period cold be used as yardstick to justify the reason while the project was considered good for dropping Developmental changes programme in year 2006 Christensen spoke on the four automated depots introduced by Davis, that there was no single day went by without one, of the system developing if not all of them The systems were flawed. They most of the time to stop for four hours daily for repair maintenance. But because they were constantly breaking down you would be playing catch up. It was a vicious circle. Christensen believe it was a great mistake to build four such depots at a goal, instead of building one which could be thoroughly tested before investing in another. Resuscitating of the Failed automated Project in 2007 The launch of the recovery programme by king, Sainsburys announced a further  £12 million investment In 2007 in its depots in order maintain speed with sales growth and the removal of the failed automated systems from its depots. Since the launch of Kings recovery programmed, the company has reported fifteen consecutive quarters of sales growth, most recently in November 2008. Early sales increases have been attributed to the new companys distribution system and the focus of the fresh and healthy food (HYPERLINK http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4378035.stmImproved supply lifts SainsburyHYPERLINK http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4378035.stmHYPERLINK http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4378035.stmsHYPERLINK http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4378035.stm. BBC News. 2005-03-24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4378035.stm. Retrieved 2006-10-11.) A transformational change: In May 2007 Sainsburys identified five areas of focus to take the company from recovery to growth in order to transform its business strategy: therefore it identified the following focus as key factors to core activates in line with the concept of comparative advantage and the value chain (Michael p, 1985) the five core value include: Great food at fair prices Growth of non-food ranges Reaching more customers through additional channels through opening of new convenience stores and growth of online home delivery and banking operations. Expansion of supermarket space through new stores and development of the companys largely underdeveloped store portfolio. Active property management 2009 update Transformational changes Sainsbury embraced the external boundary as change model through merger and acquisitions to achieve this change Sainsburys announced In March 2009 its intention to buy 24 stores from The Co-operative, 22 of which were Summerfield stores and the remaining 2 were Co-op stores. These were among of their estate which The Co-operative were required to sell after the completion of the Summerfield takeover. (Guardian (2009-11-04). 1.3 The issues which have made the company consider the change The loss of market position; peter Davis Within the first two year Sainsbury was able to raise its profit above the target but later drop sharply in 2004 when compared with the performance of its major competitors.Davis was the architect of an almost  £3 billion upgrade of stores, distribution and IT equipment, called Business Transformation Programme. This was among of the issues that necessitated the change 1.4 The process which the change took place 1.4.1 Identification of the need for change At the end of March 2004 Davis was promoted to chairman and was replaced as CEO by Justin King. Justin King joined Sainsburys in 2004 from Marks and Spencer plc where he was a director with responsibility for its food division and Kings Super Markets, Inc. subsidiary in the United States. Schooled in Sol hull and a graduate of the University Of Bath, where he took a business administration degree, King was also previously a managing director at Ads with responsibility for hypermarkets. 1.4.2 Shareholders consultation: Gathering of useful data needed for the change from the relevant stakeholders as part of his 6 month business review asking them what they wanted from the company and where the company could improve, King ordered a direct mail campaign to 1 million Sainsburys customers This confirm the commentary of retail analysts repot that the group was not ensuring that shelves are fully stocked, because of the IT systems introduced by Peter Davis. (SainsburyHYPERLINK http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3755066.stmHYPERLINK http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3755066.stms heads back to basicsHYPERLINK http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3755066.stm. BBC News. 2004-10-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3755066.stm. Retrieved 2008-10-09.) 1.4.3 Implementation of change On 19 October 2004 King unveiled the results of the business review and his plans to revive the companys fortunes in a three year recovery plan entitled Making Sainsburys Great Again. This was generally well received by both the stock market and the media. He used CHANGING STRUCTURES MODEL in his implementation of the change. Immediate plans included lying off 750 headquarters staff and the recruitment of around 3,000 shop-floor staff to improve the quality of service and the firms main problem: stock availability. The aim would be to increase sales revenue by  £2.5bn by the financial year ending March 2008. Another significant announcement was the halving of the dividend to increase funds available for price cuts and quality. King hired Lawrence Christensen as supply chain director in 2004. Previously he was an expert in logistics at Safeway, but left following its takeover by Morrison. Immediate supply chain improvements included the reactivation of two distribution centers. This led to developmental changes in 2006 2.0 Task 2 2.1 How the relevant stakeholder analysis was done during the change Before 2004, series of transformational changes have been taking place within the company. Though, it was recorded that most of the change produced a favorable result in the short run. But the shortfall of the change became so sharply and worst than the formal position of the company. Sainsbury plc did not only witness decline in profit but also lost market position to his arch rivers Tesco and Asda. Poor project assessment and lack of proper consultation with relevant stakeholders. 2.1.1 Customers Having learnt from the previous mistake committed by the predecessors who had caused the organization its place of pride in the market, King ordered a direct mail campaign to 1 million Sainsburys customers as part of his 6 month business review asking them what they wanted from the company and where the company could improve. This reaffirmed the commentary of retail analysts the group was not ensuring that shelves are fully stocked, this due to the failure of the IT systems introduced by Peter Davis. 2.1.2 Employee As one of the relevant stakeholder, is considered to be important to the success of any change introduce in an organization. The change affect people and people tend to react to changes. Negative reaction to change could mark the beginning of the failure of the new change while the positive reaction could fast track the success of such change programme. These confirmed by recent research conducted by mckinsey on the important of change to the organization and how important is people in the implementation of change and therefore suggested tactics that to successfully implement change. Employees were carried along in making the change by getting the employees involve at the beginning of change and in the process of implementation. Organizations need for change Constantly, for all kinds of reasons, but achieving a true step change in performance is rare. Indeed, in a recent McKinsey survey of executives from around the world, 1 only a third say that their organizations succeeded in doing so. Executives were also asked how their organizations designed and managed a recent change effort, how they engaged employees in it, and how involved senior leaders were. (http://blog.theleadershipsphere.com.au/the_leadership_sphere/2008/09/index.html) The survey results highlight several important tactics that organizations use to transform themselves successfully. Setting clear and high aspirations for change is the most significant. A second tactic is engaging the whole company in the change effort through a wide variety of means; a highly involved and visible CEO is important, but successful companies also use various other communication and accountability methods to keep people involved-far more methods than unsuccessful companies use. Also notable: successful companies are far likelier to communicate the need for change in a positive way, encouraging employees to build on success rather than focusing exclusively on fixing problems. (The McKinsey Quarterly conducted the survey in July 2008.). Therefore Sainsbury was able to draft in the interest of their workers in terms of human resource planning, training and developmental programme reward team management and flat organisation structure which enhance effective two ways commu nication system. (http://blog.theleadershipsphere.com.au/the_leadership_sphere/2008/09/index.html) 2.1.3 Shareholders One of the objectives to maximise is the maximisation of the shareholders wealth. Organisation tents to satisfy the interest of this group while pursuing profitability and handsome return on investment. Hence inability of the past administration had lead to change of leadership before the period to be considered in this project. Maximisation of shareholders wealth was put at the centre of interest in all the change programmes. 2.1.4 Competitor: Through stakeholder analysis, competitor as always been a force to reckon with. Sainsbury was able to analysis his competitors to whom she as lost his place of priority in the market which had made her to settle for third position in the grocery market in up. Hence that is why Sainsbury has putting a lot marketing strategies in order to ensure customers satisfaction and retention through excellence customer service. 2.2 Where the staff involved or considered in the change In the planning and the implementation process of change The target of the change programme was to improve customer patronage and to make more profit. Therefore workers were put at the centre of the change in order to make them have the thorough knowledge of the change which was about to take place. Hence Sainsbury also embark on training and development. Staff got involved in the Implementation process as staff serve as a medium through new changes are being communicated to customers. Task 3 3.1 The significant change that took place in Mckinsey and company Transformational change in Mckinsey and company with special attention on knowledge management over the Years Between I926 and 1950s Mckinsey company was established in 1926 as an Accounting and Engineering Advisors. the was using a system integrated approach which could be otherwise refers to as General Survey Outline basis of knowledge managements, the company was pursuing undeviating sequence of analysis goal strategy, policies, organization, facilities procedures and personnel, data which are to be synthesized and think for themselves while solving clients problems. as a result of business boom, more hands were employed and the organizations value chain were broadened, more policies were created with the clients as the main stake holder putting them at the center of the activities The company belief that every assignment must to bring more than revenue to the company, more of experience due to business expansion in the 20th century the company need more hand to meet the increasing demand these made the company to adopt generalist approach which leaves the problem solving task with hired experts. This was the beginning of the change in the organization Between 1950 and 1967 Introducing the expert base problem solving system by the Bower lead administration. He assumed that a highly intelligent generalist (expert) could easily diagnose client issues and through it professional capabilities solve the problem without waste of time and resources this was believed to be the appropriate way of dealing with the increase in demand which the company was enjoying at present so instead of allowing the traditional practice where the collective, brainstorming section of solving client problems that encourage the participative system, which was the cultural practices of the company before the business expansion, bower prefer to rely more on the solving client problems by the means of expertise. However, the knowledge issue of development within the organization was considered to be peripheral as the solving clients problem was believed to be core issues that is important if the customers demand is to be achieved and the business expansion goal is to be continues. The assumptions worked for short period as the company experience increase in sales and expansion of business spreading across the globe. This work well as the company witness a lot of expansion during the period in terms of market growth at the expense of internal growth (knowledge development), but looking at the cultural web of McKinley which is was known for participative system of clients prob lem solving system through which the knowledge were gathered developed and shared that enhance staffs improvement was not considered. living the problem solving in the hand of the expert in a company like mckinsey where knowledge remain the core activities when considering the value added to the end product(porter value chain 1985). The growth of the organization stopped within the short time. 3.2 The key challenges the organization has faced in implementing changes Integration of objectivity due to massive business expansion: The massive business expansion which has led to the diversifying into other business had posse series of challenge to the company, the organization was growing bigger and the system of administration was also going more complex. This made series of change programmes to be difficult to implement. http://www.changeminds.org/disciplines/change_management/resistance_change/dealing_resistance.htm 3.3 Resistance to change from the employees and partners Resistance to change from the staff that begins to see change introduce as a treat and therefore change their perspective towards participation in the change programmes. Example of such resistance was their unwilling to contribute to data collection programmes which the company was trying to use for database in order to enhance knowledge management within the organization. However the company use consultation and staff involvement in the change planning processes to win the support of the workers to embrace the change programmes http://www.changeminds.org/disciplines/change_management/resistance_change/dealing_resistance.htm 3.4 My suggestion for the organization to resolve the various challenges facing the organization in implementing change programmes Here are things the organization can do to handle resistance, starting with kind and moral approaches and ending with the harsher end of gaining compliance. Facilitation It has been argued that best approach in creating change is by working with them, helping them achieve goals that somehow also reach to the goals of the change project. People will be very happy to work with you when you work with them. This could be said to appropriate and good practice where people are willing to support programme but finding it difficult to adjust. http://www.changeminds.org/disciplines/change_management/resistance_change/dealing_resistance.htm Education When people are not willing to support changes due to lack of clear understanding of the benefits and the rationale behind the change programme, manger might use education to enlighten people in order to understand the benefit of the change from positive perspectives. http://www.changeminds.org Involvement When people are not involved physically or intellectually, they are unlikely to be involved emotionally either, involving people in change planning is one of the best methods dealing with peoples resistance to change. Their involvement will make them support the success of the programme by persuading others to begin to see the change from the positive perspectives. http://www.changeminds.org/disciplines/change_management/resistance_change/dealing_resistance.htm Negotiation When persuasion seem to have failed to yield positive result, then manager might need to introduce a round table discussion by Sitting them down and ask what they want, find out what they want and what they will not. negotiate a mutually agreeable solution that satisfy them and the fundamental objective of the change. http://www.changeminds.org/disciplines/change_management/resistance_change/dealing_resistance.htm Manipulation Manipulation means controlling a persons environment such that they are shaped by what is around them. It can be a tempting solution, but is morally questionable and, if they sense what you are doing, will lead to a very dangerous backlash. It is only good for short term purposes and after when all the other options has failed http://www.changeminds.org/disciplines/change_management/resistance_change/dealing_resistance.htm Coercion Here manager tend to apply force in making people to accept the change threat of loss of job if fail to comply perhaps in a humiliating public sacking. This could be used when the change is urgent and speed is considered to be of essences and the process of other alternative has been considered too slow and not likely to yield any good result http://www.changeminds.org/disciplines/change_management/resistance_change/dealing_resistance.htm 4.0 Conclusion The change has been seen as an agent of business growth and development. Hence change could be said to important to the organization survival especially in the highly competitive business environment, how it capable of improving the organization, leverage the organization cultural web. Therefore, managers need to evaluate change within the context of the organization cultural web with the consideration of the relevant stakeholder with an appropriate implementation strategy. This will facilitate dealing with resistance to change and peoples corporation in achieving the fundamental objective of the change. An effective change processes will be of advantage as it will also pave way for constant review.

Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima Essay -- Rudolfo Anaya Bless Me Ultim

Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima In Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima, the author uses Tony’s dreams as a way of displaying various symbols. Three symbols that are used often are weather, water, and the Golden Carp. Weather is used to represent conflict. Water represents cleansing, and rejuvenation. The Golden Carp symbolizes religion and Tony’s beliefs. Because dreams are not an exact mirror of reality, they become the perfect tool for introducing symbolism. The author uses the dream as a way to access the recurring themes of the book. Weather affects the lives of everyone. When the weather turns foul, it makes life more difficult. Stormy weather in Tony’s dreams represents the conflict in his life, and the lives of those around him. One example of the weather in his dreams is the wind. In one of Tony’s dreams the wind is used to represent conflict that disrupts the peace that is a still lake. "There was a howling wind as the moon rose and it’s powers pulled at the still waters of the lake."(Anaya 120) The wind here is used to represent forces of disturbance caused by nuclear testing taking place south of the town, just as wind kicks up dust and blurs the view. Another element of storms is thunder and lightning. In Tony’s dream he sees, ".....a flash of lightning struck and out of the thunder a dark figure stepped forth. It was Ultima......I sought more answers, but she was gone, evaporated into a loud noise."(Anaya 71) Lightning can offer glimpses of illumination, but then darkness retu rns, and the noise of the thunder that follows deafens the ears. This represents the moments of good that can occur within the midst of conflict. Ultima’s appearance gives Tony a glimpse of where he needs to search for innocence, but he is still confused from this encounter. He continues to search for answers. Another significant weather occurrence is the appearance of mist. " The mist swirled around me. I was at the river, and I heard someone calling my name. I peered into the dark mist but I could see no one." (Anaya 61) Just as the mist leaves a person feeling isolated, the mist represents the war and how it left Tony separated from his brothers. Weather, in the form of wind, thunder and lightning, and mist, provides powerful symbolism for the conflicts in Tony’s life. Cleansing and rejuvenation are themes that are suggested by the author, and symbolized thro... ...eath he had seen he can’t really trust the gods because they continue to let people that are close to him die. Tony’s belief in the power of the carp is beginning to fade here because he can not understand why the carp, and God continue to let people die. Tony knows what the carp represents, so he blames the carp for these deaths. All of these quotes show how the Golden Carp represents the power, and the importance of Tony’s religion. The Golden Carp was the most important religious symbol in Bless Me Ultima. In Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me Ultima, the other uses Tony’s dreams to show the reader symbols of conflict, rejuvenation, and religion. The weather in this story is used to represent conflict. Weather is shown in Tony’s dreams to represent conflicts in his life. Water is used to represent cleanliness in rejuvenation. We all use water to clean ourselves, but in this book water is shown to clean the mind, body, and soul. The Golden Carp is shown to be a symbol of Tony’s religion. The carp is a symbol that Tony turns to for answers in his life. In all of Tony’s dreams the reader is able to gain a better understanding of Tony’s life through the use of symbols in Tony’s dreams.

The Effect Of Media Images :: essays research papers

It was fashionable to be fat throughout most of history. Obesity was attractive because it was considered to be a sign of wealth. Those who could obtain enough food to keep themselves and their family well fed were people with money. In the past century, however, food has been abundant in most of the developed nations, and thinness has become fashionable. Eating disorders have increased significantly over the past thirty years. The two most common eating disorders include anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is a disease in which women become very self-conscious about their weight and have an intense fear of becoming fat. They go to such extremes as starving themselves in order to keep thin, and some use additional methods such as vomiting, taking excessive amounts of laxatives, or exercising profusely. Bulimia nervosa on the other hand is an eating disorder in which the patient eats large amounts of food in a short period of time, also known as binge eating. Another symptom of bulimia is ridding oneself of food through vomiting, using laxatives, or over-exercising, commonly known as purging. Women with anorexia nervosa or bulimia often experience fatigue and decreased energy, headaches, personality changes, and abdominal pain. If an eating disorder is left untreated, it can lead to serious health damage, even death. These eating disorders are usually brought on because a girl is unsatisfied with her own body image. Oftentimes she feels out of control, and restricting her intake of food is one way to regain control. The patient has a sense of power over food, and this makes her feel more secure about everything else going on in her life. Many times, girls with low self-esteem are the victims of eating disorders because they often seek approval from their peers. By being thinner, they believe that they will become more desirable. Studies have shown that the majority of women with eating disorders are adolescents. What makes a young woman associate thinness with beauty? Many are now beginning to believe that the media has much to do with how women view themselves. Young women see thin models and actresses in magazines, advertisements, and television shows. The media have portrayed the successful and beautiful protagonists as thin. They have promoted the image of thinness through popular programming.. Thinness has thus become associated with self control and success. The average American woman's body weight has increased over the past thirty years, yet the models that represent American women have become increasingly thinner.

Drugs And Alcoholism: Why Are Teenagers Involved? :: essays research papers

Adolescence is much like a midpoint in ones life; when a person is neither a kid nor an adult. At this period, teens have passed the age when they were called kids but are not yet qualified to be adults. Teenagers want to think like adults, behave like adults and also start to view themselves as independent beings in decision making. All this hormonal changes also come with the negativity of maturity such as drugs and alcohol. The statistics below show that the percentage of teenagers using drugs and alcohol in the last decade has increased. Why is this? The answer is that teenagers are under pressure by their peers, mass media and also the influence of parents. 8th-Graders10th-Graders12th-Graders Marijuana22.2%40.9%49.7% Cocaine4.77.79.8 Inhalants15.417.019.7 LSD4.18.512.2 Heroin2.02.32.3 Alcohol52.170.680.0 Cigarettes44.157.664.6 Peer pressure plays a major role in the harmful behavior of teens. Teens who want to fit in among their friends are most especially prone to this. They try to make friends and they get friends as much as possible. Of these friends there are the good ones who give them the knowledge and information you want need or inquire and there are the ones who give them information about not too good things like drug, alcohol, parties, e.t.c. This influential communication between a teen and his/her peer may be directly or indirectly. Directly such as conversations with their friends or indirectly such as listening to classmates discussing of a party which occurred a night before. Then they begin to mention alcohol, drugs and violence obviously from what have experienced they talk about it in a way possible. Then you would like to see how good it is the next weekend you go to that kind of party. If you can not resist such as a temptation you will begin to do harmful deeds that will definitely ha ve adverse results in the future. Let’s not put all the blame on teens and their peers alone. The mass media is also responsible in an understandable way. The media has proven to be a lot damaging than useful in the type of information meant for mature audience but end up with the immature audience. Soap operas and frivolous shows shown on TV contain immoral and untrue images of the world as it is more of the writer’s imagination or the way directors direct them to act. Most teenagers are probably old enough to watch this shows but not mature enough to comprehend with the fictitious nature of movies and soap operas.

Ethics & people Essay

The question of ethics is particularly important for a person who is both part of society and works with a group. The development of community and collective self is impossible without the struggle of opposing ideas and positions, and the collision of different points of views and opinions through which it is possible to overcome contradictions and disagreements. The relationship within a team works in a â€Å"mirror-system† where members can see their behavior reflected in their interaction with other people. An example of this can be seen when group members introduce themselves to each other. Usually, group members gauge how they will act depending on how the first person introducing will make them feel. If they feel comfortable with the personality of that person, they will also act naturally. However, if they feel threatened or intimidated, they will also exhibit signs of such. Understanding this particular group dynamic is important in maintaining relationships in the workplace. Once members understand this, they start to create their own group values/culture of which good ethics is a foundation. The presence of group ethics and values can lead to the success of a group especially in diffusing conflicts to maintain decorum and maintain work ethic (Green 2006). I want to point out an experience I had in which I acted unethically within a group. This instance happened last semester when I took a class in Entrepreneurship and got into an argument with a groupmate while planning for a project entitled â€Å"Blue Ocean Strategy†. I was trying to convince him that my side was right. I was on the verge of tears that I raised my voice and walked out on him, slamming the door as I left. In retrospect, I realized that I reacted unethically to the situation. Since I was part of a team, my actions disrupted the group and affected our work ethic. But what was I to do? Keep quiet even though I had a good suggestion for the group? Let my idea be discarded without me fighting for it? I have tried to justify my actions as a way for me to assert myself, to make my groupmate realize that I was trying to contribute to the group. This, however, did not change the fact that my outburst affected my group’s opinion of me. Now I understand that to act ethically is to act calmly in resolving conflicts. In defending my ideas, I have to be careful to exude confidence calmly and not arrogantly. Being aggressive and arrogant creates a negative feeling within the group. It is also important to choose words carefully when dragged into a conflict. It is even better if I keep my silence even if my groupmate is goading me. I should calm myself and wait for my partner to calm down too before we try and solve the problem. The Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu in his book The Art of War shared that it is best to win without fighting (Tzu 1). Thus, the real winner of any conflict is the one who is able to prevent it from the start. It is an important exercise to weigh factors first before getting into a conflict. â€Å"What have I got to gain? To lose? †, â€Å"Will these actions lead to a solution for the group or for myself? † These are the questions that I will ask myself before I confront any one, not just members of my group. Conflicts will always arise whenever people get together. What is important is how the group will move together to resolve such issues. Even though groups move in different contexts, whether political, social, industrial or domestic, the strategies to conflict management are grounded on one, same idea. We should always act and behave ethically and not let emotions seize our actions. Works Cited Green, Daryl. Understanding Group and Personal Ethics. Nu Leadership Series. 2006. EzineArticles. com. Web. 21 July 2010. http://ezinearticles. com/? Understanding- Group- and-Personal-Ethics—Nu-Leadership-Series&id=419973 Tzu, Sun. The Art of War. Trans. Shawn Conners and Lionel Giles. Texas: el Paso Norte

Edward Steichen’s Commercial Photography

Edward Steichen was a brilliant and lithe strat get on withmist, equal of continually commuteing picture taking along with the changes pronounced by innovationality and informalism during his time. Steichens inclinations that revolutionized picture taking and constructd its purpose as an finesse form do him an icon that art enthusiasts, as easily as draw a bead on photographers and artists should assure up to.Moreover, Steichens finale to stand start in discordant scene of actions of exquisite backgrounds such as art critiquing, to mercantile picture taking, and from painting, to being a museum curator, became an inspiration to artists and non-artists alike to surmount several(a) fields or industries that interests us, and dedicate ourselves to things that we honor roughly. (Morrison, 2007) The remainder of the text forget demonstrate specific roles and contri stillions that Steichen has made throughout the eld that gave picture taking its uniqueness and s ignificance.Steichens living has made a tremendous act on how he became an imaginative commit of nature to photography so the most significant p humanistic discipline of his flavour ordain be recounted non only to net tri stille to him but as well as to represent how his existence merged with the subsistence of the field of photography. Edward Steichens Commercial Photography Edward Steichen was born on March 27, 1879 in Luxembourg. However, most of life was spent in the United States as his family moved to the country while he was let off young.His interest in pursue a locomote in arts and photography was apparent when he reached the age of sixteen. Edward Steichen, 2008) Steichen underwent training in lithography which allowed him to obtain needed noesis and skills in printing gloomy shapes and figures on plates that became instrumental in his realistic understanding of photography and the artistic micturatement of motley images in color through painting. Althou gh painting interested him as practically as photography, he chose to reinforce his obtained experience and skills on the latter as his appearance of taking the field of photography poorly something that was resultn thin beforehand.His perceptions of serious photography were fueled by his persistence in shuffleing the graphics in the field, as well as with commercialism. (Morrison, 2007) His unique and earnest calculate of photography led him to meet and kick the bucket spark offners with Alfred Steigletz. Together, they established Photo Secession, which mainly re becomed the pictorialist path of photographic art. This style was exceptional in its form as photographs taken were made to look like products of painting artistry and ingenue.Since the opening of Photo Secession, Steichen has focused on redefining photography. He wanted to bring in something fresh to the artistry scene so he created many photo exhibitions that presented several(a) foreign functional, parti cularly the renowned works of French photographers such as total heat Matisse. (Mitchell, 2008) He moved on to perusal and developing aerial photography. His interest in this type of photography was intensified by the learned possibility of producing images that are clear-cut, in focus, and well-designed. Schueth) During this time, Steichen was all just about characterizing photography as something meaningful, significant, and most importantly beautiful, as distant to it being taken for granted in the preceding(a) just like a mere ray for unfilled following and such.Steichens life after solid ground War I was the most noble part of his artistic career in commercial and modal value photography as it was during this time that he was hired as the chief photographer of Conde Nast which managed toilet table good and Vogue magazines. Hobson, 2001) Although Steichens move to be part of style and commercial photography was entirely different from his previous artistic points o f views and aims of what photography really meant to him, he still continued to accept projects and shoots for advertise and form photography purposes. Despite the disagreement of Steiglitz in his chosen career path (Hobson, 2001), Steichen considered the survey of working on commercial and fashion photography as a quarrel and a means to expand the limits of the field of photography.Through this experience, Steichen was adapted to formulate late and diverse proficiencys in photography which helped in realizing his purpose of allowing photography to be the fomite for aesthetic materialism. (Zurich, 2008) Some of Steichens infrequent works with commercial photography includes his past projects for Welch, Jergens, and Kodak. His enthusiasm for meaningful and straightforward photography was reflected in his commercial works as he utilized real-life situations as subjects for illustrating dissimilar products advertised by course organizations.His photographs for Eastman Kodak s howed how citizenry were seen forthrightly while utilizing this particular product. As time went on, after a descriptor of commercial photography sessions, Steichen was able to realize the connection between photography and advertising. At this point, Steichen succeeded in bringing out the important nature of photography, not only as a means that exuded aesthetics but also as it was related to every(prenominal) human being which influenced their way of idea and behavior.This point of view, he applied in the Welch Juice magazine photographs drawing out the elegant and upscale nature of the product. (Hobson, 2001) His technique in utilizing photography to appeal to variable degrees of social positions and points of view earned him a rise in Vogue magazine sales following its release. Perhaps, his talent to meld photography with multiple disciplines led to his victory in commercial photography. It was primarily attributed to his intelligent faculties that made photography a to ol for realizing the purpose of market and advertising.Steichen saw the authority of photography to sway the minds of the people into something desire by him or crinkle organizations who produce various products for the benefit of the market population. His views about advertising in commercial photography were fueled by the things and situations he undergo during World War I. During that time, he worked for the photographic Section of the Army Air supporter in France and he was trained to chuck copies of photographs that met identified needs and requirements to maintain barter among the people and industries to the army.The militaristic perspective in utilizing photographs was adapted by Steichen in his works, and allowed him to look at explicit and constructive angles of products or subjects that would gain the confidence and attention of its viewers. (Johnson, 2000) impart to his successes in commercial photography was his irrefutable nature and characteristics that dre w people toward him and gained conceive for his artistic capabilities. He was open to working with otherwise people in the industry, collaborating with various art acquireors and clients to obtain insights and share knowledge and information that improved his craft.Moreover, he canvass the trends in advertising and worked on adjusting his photographic styles to current strategies and techniques in marketing. Through his research, he was able to develop his most made technique in commercial photography that is realism. He realized the importance of stimulated responses as a means to establish connection with his audience or viewers. His ability to take pieces of his viewers realities and transform it into meaningful messages within his photographs while incorporating the dimensions of marketing and advertising subconsciously earned him the trust of business organizations and marketing industries.He veered away from the contradictory and uncomfortable dynamics of aggressive an d direct advertising and transformed this particular marketing system to adapt rationalism, realism, and gentle persuasion. (Johnson, 2002) Overall, his strategy in commercial photography not only influenced the field of photography but also transformed business and marketing as separate industries. For one, he was able to make his subjects household names, meeting the needs, requirements, and demands of business organizations and marketing industries.He satisfied not only the audience, viewers, or consumers, but also the corporations behind his photographic subjects. His views of realism as an important force in photography and marketing allowed to become a part of business strategies being implemented not only in the past but until present time. However, it was not only his career in commercial photography that set his successful career. It was also his elegant and modern works on fashion spreads that revealed his range, from pictorialist to aerial, and commercial to fashion phot ography.Steichens photographic contributions to fashion were dubbed as his celebrity aesthetic court to photography. (Riding, 2007) He shot various stars and celebrities for Vanity Fair and Vogue covers in style, as he aimed to perfect their public figures by taking pictures of them representative of their beauty, grace, and alluring persona. For Steichens fashion shoots, every angle and every shot was all about capturing the warmness of beauty and power. (Richard, 2008) His sense of fashion photography may be summed up in two words elegance and modernity despite the pure and conventional influences. Picardie, 2008) goal Steichens brilliance as an artist was fueled by his ability to transform the face of photography by incorporating various techniques and approaches which redefined and added to what photography can do past from its obvious practical purpose of reproducing images for leisure purposes. In addition, Steichen was able to take the classic and conventional feature s of photography and develop sore techniques that allow it to change with the demands and requirements of modern and liberal times.Aside from Steichens ability to fail from one artistic background to some other as a measure of this address and excellence in the field, his capacity to take photography under the context of other disciplines established his exceptionality as a photographer during his time. Steichen did not take his craft lightly and looked for various ways on how it will be improved that furthered his aims of making it a means to reproduce the reality in beauty that may be captured in photographs.

Effective Communication Skills

Effective conference skills in cargon for in spite of appearance this assignment I leave alone be looking at the splendor of potent intercourse skills in the breast feeding profession. I pull up stakes briefly explore the meaning of communion and consequently look at different styles of in force(p) confabulation. I testament each(prenominal)ow a long verify of references to support my findings and then proffer a final result regarding the grandeur of communicating with the tolerant and oppo turn one agencies. at that commit ar a great anatomy of dialogue models and meanings, which in itself indicates that communion is a great subject and difficult to pin to a truthful explanation (Webb 2011).Donnelly (2008) agrees with this by writing that a summary definition is difficult to achieve referable to the endpoint dialogue having a long advert of meanings. steady-going colloquy surrounded by patients and guards is at the lawsuit of undecomposed nursing guard, which will curb the increment of a healthful relationship (Stein- Parbury 2009). Donnelly (2008) supports this by stating that at the genuinely heart of in effect(p) nursing, confabulation is the describe to delivering high-quality c atomic number 18. Donnelly (2008) democracys that rough-and-ready communication is recognised as a onus condition for all plurality who die hard in public service of process.Also read communication rhythm ArgyleIn health and Social c atomic number 18 operate trenchant communication promotes the best feasible nursing c ar (Donelly 2008). Donelly (2008) writes that the way we communicate with people who substance abuse nursing services or facilities has a site impact on how wangle is comprehend and go through by the user. Collins (2009) agrees by stating that communication is redress, that create relationships is the foundation of nursing plough, and communication is a demand to that process.If we good deal rec ognise how communication takes place and breed its process we tummy develop strategies to verify that communication is impelling and meets the needs of all patients. indoors treat there are m each shipway of communication with patients. The NMC standards for pre-registration nursing education (NMC, 2010) stipulate that Within the bowl for communication and interpersonal skills, all cheermaids mustinessinessiness do the following, communicate safely and soundly, employ a regorge of communication skills and technologies (NMC 2010).Hamilton (2007) agrees with this by stating that nurses should try to tinge with patients using the full mental image of communication skills at their disposal, to swear out patients understand that nurses are there to process as much as they possibly nates. These communication skills arrange from vocal, non-verbal, and pen communication. Burnard (2005) explains that we communicate to some arcdegree with raillerys. just at on e time excessively we communicate to a large degree with our bodies. This mass be classed as non-verbal. both(prenominal) aspects of non-verbal communication we use would be eye fit, seventh cranial nerve expressions and go along gestures.Burnard (2005) also writes about the importance of perceive. Burnard states that the perceive skill is an important form of non-verbal communication and creation listened to is lively as everybody needs to be listened to. Stein-Parbury (2009) states that, listening encourages raise interaction between patient and nurses it is a accelerator in promoting a trusting therapeutic relationship. Collin (2009) agrees with this by writing when patients feel listened to it kick the buckets a reason of lodge enabling the relationship to progress. Wright (2007) writes about some other non-verbal conduct which is described as body rag.This would include slip away gestures. Some body talk can intimate a certain state of mind, for exercising a patient pacing, un able-bodied to sit for any time or wringing of the hands may suggest that this patient is in distress. Webb states that folding of the blazonry can display defensive non-verbal communication it can launch that a patient is feeling sickening or threatened in some way. If this is displayed by the nurse it may suggest to the patient that the nurse is dis- interestingnessed which will form a barrier between the patient and nurse. To avoid such barriers Egan (1998) suggests that the use of the SOLER possibleness.The conjectureSolerwas created by Egan (1998) to aid the communication between the nurse and the patient. His theory shows that basic non-verbal communication can help amaze a patient feel winding and troubled for when functional with the nurse. Soler stands for- S facing the client or familysquarely, two metaphorically and literally O comply anOpen,non-defensive present LLean forward toward the family to show interest E make good middle turn over R stayRelaxed. But there are other forms of communication that need to be effective when delivering nursing care.The nurse needs to envision that they are able to communicate well inside the scheme and with others. Donnelly (2008) points out that when identifying the needs of those we care for we must also distinguish the role of others in providing for peoples needs. thither is a risk inside service provision to see only that which we can offer and ignore what others agencies and professionals can provide. Effective care depends on us being able to work in partnership, ensuring those we care for receive the best possible care. There are many others modes of communication the written word is required when working with people (Donelly 2008).The NMC (2008) states that you must hold up clear and accurate records of the discussions you have, the assessments you make, the treatment and medicines you give and how effective these have been. You must complete records as soon as pos sible after an event has occurred, the nurse must not tamper with master copy records in any way, the nurse must mark any entries you make in someones paper records are clear and legibly signed, dated and timed, the nurse must witness any entries you make in someones electronic records are clearly attributable to you, and also ensure all records are kept securely (NMC 2008).Conclusion Whilst preparing for this essay, I did not fully understand the importance of communication and how we are understood by patients. After researching and evaluating, I now understand the importance of effective verbal communication with appropriate body language, also the importance of non-verbal communication using good eye contact and hand gestures. I have now learnt that to engender a good nurse you need to be able to use a wide range of communication to be able to fully care for the patient. These skills are equally important when dealing with agencies.Burnard, P. (2005) way Skills for Health Professionals. Nelson Thornes Cheltenham Collins. S, (2009) Good communication helps to build a therapeutic relationship http//www. nursingtimes. net (accessed 24 April 2012) Donnelly, E. Neville, L. (2008) conference and interpersonal Skills, 1st Ed. Reflect Press Ltd Devon. Egan, G. (1998). The skillful Helper. Wiley Chichester Hamilton. S, J (2007) Clinical Development A theoretical account for effective communication skills http//www. nursingtimes. et (accessed 24 April 2012) nursing and tocology Council (2008) The command Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. NMCcapital of the United Kingdom treat and midwifery Council (2010) Standards for Pre-registration Nursing Education Draft for Consultation. NMCLondon Stein-Parbury, J. (2009) affected role and Person Interpersonal Skills in nursing, quaternary Ed. Elsevier Australia Webb, L. (2011). Nursing Communication Skills in Practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Wright, B, (2007) Interp ersonal Skills Skills for Caring. M&K Publishing Cumbria .Effective Communication SkillsEffective communication skills in nursing Within this assignment I will be looking at the importance of effective communication skills in the nursing profession. I will briefly explore the meaning of communication and then look at different styles of effective communication. I will include a wide range of references to support my findings and then offer a conclusion regarding the importance of communication with the patient and other agencies. There are a large number of communication models and meanings, which in itself indicates that communication is a huge subject and difficult to pin to a simple explanation (Webb 2011).Donnelly (2008) agrees with this by writing that a concise definition is difficult to achieve due to the term communication having a long list of meanings. Good communication between patients and nurses is at the core of good nursing care, which will ensure the development of a therapeutic relationship (Stein- Parbury 2009). Donnelly (2008) supports this by stating that at the very heart of effective nursing, communication is the key to delivering high-quality care. Donnelly (2008) states that effective communication is recognised as a core condition for all people who work in public service.Also read Communication Cycle ArgyleIn Health and Social care services effective communication promotes the best possible nursing care (Donelly 2008). Donelly (2008) writes that the way we communicate with people who use nursing services or facilities has a direct impact on how care is perceived and experienced by the user. Collins (2009) agrees by stating that communication is therapeutic, that building relationships is the foundation of nursing work, and communication is a requirement to that process.If we can recognise how communication takes place and comprehend its process we can develop strategies to ensure that communication is effective and meets the needs of all patients. Within Nursing there are many ways of communicating with patients. The NMC standards for pre-registration nursing education (NMC, 2010) stipulate that Within the domain for communication and interpersonal skills, all nurses must do the following, communicate safely and effectively, using a range of communication skills and technologies (NMC 2010).Hamilton (2007) agrees with this by stating that nurses should try to relate with patients using the full range of communication skills at their disposal, to help patients understand that nurses are there to assist as much as they possibly can. These communication skills range from verbal, non-verbal, and written communication. Burnard (2005) explains that we communicate to some degree with words. But also we communicate to a large degree with our bodies. This can be classed as non-verbal. Some aspects of non-verbal communication we use would be eye contact, facial expressions and hand gestures.Burnard (2005) also writes about the importance of listening. Burnard states that the listening skill is an important form of non-verbal communication and being listened to is vital as everybody needs to be listened to. Stein-Parbury (2009) states that, listening encourages further interaction between patient and nurses it is a catalyst in promoting a trusting therapeutic relationship. Collin (2009) agrees with this by writing when patients feel listened to it gives a sense of connection enabling the relationship to progress. Wright (2007) writes about another non-verbal behaviour which is described as body talk.This would include hand gestures. Some body talking can suggest a certain state of mind, for example a patient pacing, unable to sit for any time or wringing of the hands may suggest that this patient is in distress. Webb states that folding of the arms can display defensive non-verbal communication it can show that a patient is feeling anxious or threatened in some way. If this is displayed by the nurse i t may suggest to the patient that the nurse is dis-interested which will form a barrier between the patient and nurse. To avoid such barriers Egan (1998) suggests that the use of the SOLER theory.The theorySolerwas created by Egan (1998) to help the communication between the nurse and the patient. His theory shows that basic non-verbal communication can help make a patient feel involved and cared for when working with the nurse. Soler stands for- S facing the client or familysquarely, both metaphorically and literally O adopt anOpen,non-defensive posture LLean forward toward the family to show interest E make goodEye Contact R stayRelaxed. But there are other forms of communication that need to be effective when delivering nursing care.The nurse needs to ensure that they are able to communicate well within the organisation and with others. Donnelly (2008) points out that when identifying the needs of those we care for we must also distinguish the role of others in providing for peop les needs. There is a risk within service provision to see only that which we can offer and ignore what others agencies and professionals can provide. Effective care depends on us being able to work in partnership, ensuring those we care for receive the best possible care. There are many others modes of communication the written word is required when working with people (Donelly 2008).The NMC (2008) states that you must keep clear and accurate records of the discussions you have, the assessments you make, the treatment and medicines you give and how effective these have been. You must complete records as soon as possible after an event has occurred, the nurse must not tamper with original records in any way, the nurse must ensure any entries you make in someones paper records are clearly and legibly signed, dated and timed, the nurse must ensure any entries you make in someones electronic records are clearly attributable to you, and also ensure all records are kept securely (NMC 200 8).Conclusion Whilst preparing for this essay, I did not fully understand the importance of communication and how we are understood by patients. After researching and evaluating, I now understand the importance of effective verbal communication with appropriate body language, also the importance of non-verbal communication using good eye contact and hand gestures. I have now learnt that to become a good nurse you need to be able to use a wide range of communication to be able to fully care for the patient. These skills are equally important when dealing with agencies.Burnard, P. (2005) Counselling Skills for Health Professionals. Nelson Thornes Cheltenham Collins. S, (2009) Good communication helps to build a therapeutic relationship http//www. nursingtimes. net (accessed 24 April 2012) Donnelly, E. Neville, L. (2008) Communication and Interpersonal Skills, 1st Ed. Reflect Press Ltd Devon. Egan, G. (1998). The Skilled Helper. Wiley Chichester Hamilton. S, J (2007) Clinical Developme nt A framework for effective communication skills http//www. nursingtimes. et (accessed 24 April 2012) Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The code Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. NMCLondon Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010) Standards for Pre-registration Nursing Education Draft for Consultation. NMCLondon Stein-Parbury, J. (2009) Patient and Person Interpersonal Skills in nursing, 4th Ed. Elsevier Australia Webb, L. (2011). Nursing Communication Skills in Practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Wright, B, (2007) Interpersonal Skills Skills for Caring. M&K Publishing Cumbria .