Bio Ecological Model of Human Development Essay

The bio ecological model of human development has four basic systems. The four basic systems are macrosystems, exosystems, microsystems, and mesosystems. I will summarize the four systems and how the influences have on a child’s development. I will describe how the four systems in the model differ from oneother. I will provide examples of the four systems of their relationships and interactions with one another. A microsystem: a relationship and activity that experienced by a developed person in immediate environments like family, school, peer group, community and media. Family provides affection, nurturance, and opportunities. School is a formal learning environment. Peer groups help with experiences in independences, companionship, support, cooperation, and a role to take. Community helps children learn how to do by watching people work. Media helps provided the view of the world. Mesosystem: an interrelationship and linkage between two or more person in a microsystem that compromise of connections between immediate environments likes a child’s home and school. The impact on a child depends on the number of interrelationships. Exosystem: a setting that children do not participate, but it does affect one of their microsystems. Read more:Â  Factors that influence child develop Also, their external environmental setting indirectly affects the development like a parent’s workplace. An example: a low-income family would have to get food stamps, Medicaid, and or TANF. My family is part of this system because my family gets food stamps and Medicaid. We had to fight for the help though. Macrosystem: a society and subculture that belongs to a developing person with certain beliefs, lifestyles, interactions, and changes in their live that consist of a larger cultural context of national economy, political culture, and subculture. Examples of macrosystems are family planning services and affordability of contraceptives which can influence teen pregnancy and birth rates. Young women are taking to the Planned Parenthood in their area to get birth control pills to prevent teenage pregnancy. According to Hall; there are two classifications of macrosystems; low and high context. Low-context macrosystem concise of progress, practicality, competition, and rationality. Examples: communication and relationships of social and natural environment. High-context macrosystem are concise of group identity, tradition, intuitiveness, and emotionality. Example of high-context macrosystem is adaptively. The ecological model’s most basic unit of analysis in the microsystem is the immediate settings, including role relationships and activities. Microsystem mostly of the family, but as they grow and are exposed to day care, preschool classes, and neighborhood playmates, the system becomes more complex. Microsystems are dynamic contexts for development because of the bi-directional influences individuals impart on each other. Many micro-level determinants of health affecting early child development investigated and proposed. Factors like nutrition, shelter, hygiene, stimulation, support, attachment, and parenting style, investigated and correlated with later outcomes. The relative quality and/or quantity can have either positive or negative effects on health. On a practical level, the amount of parent involvement in the child’s education related to children’s educational achievement (Canadian Council on Social Development, 1997), and the specific language and cultural practices of the family, such as the amount of time spent reading together (Bus, van IJzendoorn, & Pellegrini, 1995) can have effects on the development of individual capacities. Similarly, family arrangement, constitution, and the amount of contact with extended family can affect child development through the kinds of interactive opportunities these arrangements provide (Hernandez, 1997). There are also two of the most important factors of children’s social functioning are parents’ psychiatric health and marital status. These two factors explain much of the variability in children’s social and emotional competence (Goodman, Brogan, Lynch, & Fielding, 1993; Kershner & Cohen, 1992; Kochanska & Kuczynski, 1991; Miller, Cowan, Cowan, Hetherington, & Clingempeel, 1993). The risk factors associated with behavioral and emotional disorders in children linked to parental variables such as single parenthood, marital separation, young motherhood, poor family relations, and maternal mental health symptoms (Sameroff & Fiese, 2000; Williams, Anderson, McGee, & Silva, 1990). The presence of one or more of these risk factors compounds the risk for poor social functioning of children. The mesosystem: the second of Bronfenbrenner’s environmental layers, and refers to the interrelationships among different microsystem levels, such as home, school, and peer group settings. For instance, what happens at home influences at school and in turn what are in the school environment will likely influence family interactions? Specifically, parents’ involvement within the school in conjunction with teachers’ involvement with families represent mesosystem functioning. In addition, the community expected to affect distal family processes, and a family’s ability to provide the necessary support for their child. He will also focus on factors such as physical safety, problems in the neighborhood, and neighbors and examine their links to children’s prosaically skills. The third environmental layer of the model in the exosystem consists of the contexts that children cannot a part of but does influence their development. For example, decisions by the school boards and parents’ workplaces do not include the child but may influence and impact the child’s development. A school board sets the educational policies that can relevant to the child reflective of exosystem influences. The school board would adopt a policy that states that children with disabilities go into special classes. This may affect that child’s academic and social progress. The policies do set by parents’ employers’ maybe impact a child’s development. Where parent’s leaves may not allow flexible work hours may not an option. Parents’ availability to their child can influence a child’s development (Fagan & Wise, 2001; Thomas & Grimes, 1995). The outer layer of the ecological model in the macrosystem layers composed of the cultural source that influences most of the child’s immediate experience but impacts the child through attitudes, practices, and convictions shared in society. The most distant or macro-level wealth of the nation or region and how the wealth distributed among the people. The variables can be more distant because there effects are more outrages. The individual and population level of the environmental predictor of health and developmental outcomes because some of the measure of relative affluences socio-economic status. According to the National Forum on Health: Determinants of Health Working Group Synthesis report (1997), child poverty, unemployment, youth underemployment, involuntary retirement, labor force restructuring, cuts in social programs, decreases in real income, income inequities, the disintegration of communities as we once knew them, single parenthood, and the ever-increasing pressures of work on families and all factors that determine population health. The more equitable a society, the more widely shared feelings of self-esteem and control, the more empowered its members, and the better overall health status. Conclusion, we have yet to confront the reality that the growing chaos in the lives of our children, youth, and families today simultaneously pervades too many of the principal settings in which we live our daily lives in the family, health care systems, child care arrangements, peer groups, schools, neighborhoods, the workplace, and means of transportation and communication between them.

Louis Riel Essay (Canadian History) Essay

In my opinion Louis Riel was a hero because he fought for the rights of everyone who lived in the northwest, he was rebelling against a government, not a country and he was against acts of violence and loss of life. Furthermore Louis’s acts might be considered crazy by today’s standards but in the 1890’s it was not uncommon or insane. Louis lived in the Red River settlement and wanted to protect their rights but he also fought for the rights of the white settlers in the area and for the natives. Louis was a patriot, he was proud to be Canadian, he just didn’t agree with the government at the time. Louis Riel was a freedom fighter, not a rebel against his country. He was rebelling against the men in government who suppressed his people. â€Å"The entire process which saw the spread of the Canadian Governments imperialistic authority over the west, ignored the people who were there long before England decided to give it to a new country. Riel was a freedom fighter for the west and should be recognized as such. He faced and fought a central Canadian government, ignorant of the west, long before Preston Manning was born.† (Richard Brown, Alberta, July 7th, 1999 http://www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca/quotes/). If Louis hadn’t stood up for the Meti people, the government would have let them starve and their culture would be lost. Likewise if any minority was treated like that now, they could only be so fortunate to have someone like Louis Riel to stand up for them. Louis was against violence unless it was absolutely necessary. He only wanted to ensure that the people of the Northwest would retain their rights and traditions after the Canadian government took control of the area. When he and his Mati people used violence it was because they had no other options. â€Å"John A MacDonald breaks the law of the time by inducing rebellion.† (Sir Wilfred Laurier http://www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca/quotes/). Two examples of Riel using non-violent solutions first are when he sent Meti to confront the land surveyors instead of sending them to kill the surveyors. And when he seized fort Garry and its munitions, instead of burning it down or shooting the people inside. His method of not being vicious helped him be victorious in many situations. â€Å"You can be sure that we would have beaten  them had it not been for Louis Riel who always counseled us not to spill their blood† Gabriel Dumont. Today, if someone came up to you and said they were chosen by god to lead their people to freedom would you believe them or laugh and call them insane? Chances are most modern people would do the laughing. But in the 1880’s things were different, people were more religious and it was less than impossible to voice your opinions to the government. Riel lived in a time when the country was still being shaped, new provinces were being formed, and he was not out of line to demand that his people be included. Today we have a responsible government, for example when native people in BC felt cheated out of their ancestors land, our government gave some of the land back and took steps to see that that doesn’t happen again. Ironically this is the same land the post-confederation government took away! When you look at all the facts and consider the time period, Riel doesn’t seem like such a bad guy. He did what any patriotic, freedom loving Canadian would have done in his shoes. Sure some of his beliefs and ideas may have been a little deranged, but when you compare it to all the exemplary things he accomplished, it dosent seam like a big deal. â€Å"I am more convinced everyday that without a single exception I did right†¦ and I have always believed that, as I have acted honestly, the time will come when the people of Canada will see and acknowledge it.† (Louis Riel http://www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca/quotes/) Maybe it wouldn’t be so bad if some of our modern politicians were a little more like Louis Riel.

Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor Poorer Research Paper

Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor Poorer - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that in the olden days, there were rich and there were poor, in the modern world we see people have different classes like rich and poor. But today the majority of the human race is facing a difficult time. This paper illustrates that the main reason of the difficulty is created by the man himself. Then we must have known what makes the two classes different from each other. Technology, homes, cars, etc are the dependable and viable commodities that are responsible to alter the class of a person. However, today, it is a commonly known fact that it is impossible for the poor to make steps towards changing their class, middle-class people are having difficulty in maintaining their economic position and rich are becoming richer. The present research has identified that most of the middle class is associated with the jobs and some researchers have the view that as the middle and lower level management are becoming less in number, more and more middle-class men are becoming jobless, that is becoming a huge reason of the degradation in the living standard of the middle-class persons. The author has rightly presented that the high-level jobs like assistant directors, assistant managers, etc lost them too. The similar case is with the low-level jobs like production jobs, the wages for such employs in underdeveloped to developed countries now a day is much lower as compared to the decline in the value of money. The production jobs are much valuable for the persons who have to work at extreme low wages when they have no job. In 1960, the low level employs are the member of a union that responsible for maintaining wages for the works but at the end of the year 1989 the union has only 17 percent members from the total production workers. The whole scenario has no or little impact on the large technology distributors and manufacturers, like Sony, Toyota, etc. These factories kept to produce the products according to their plans an d routine. Technology is also responsible for making the people poorer and rich richer, as if we consider a motor industry, during 1970, a Japanese based motor company required a time span of 24 hours to produce a vehicle (car) but now a day it takes not more the eight hours to produce a car by utilizing the robots instead of human workers. The robots replace the human workers and the persons who program and run the robots are quite less and no other person is thus required to performs the work like that of the robot. The economic condition of the middle class family is lowering day by day as the prices for the little luxuries like fuel, cost of food and medicine are rising, although technology is becoming cheaper but the cost of basic necessities are becoming higher. In this case it has become difficult for a middle class person to afford the luxuries without extra effort. According to sociologists unequal distribution of wealth has become a biggest reason of this sustainability. L ike the high level salaries of superstars, musicians, athletics, management payment and the rapid progress of financial sector etc. The taxes which are taken from high earners are very low and they are earning lot of money and paying a very small amount of tax. The departments which have already mentioned above are becoming rich with the passage of time. In the contrast the middle class people, who are doing common jobs, are giving high amount of tax of their salary as compared to the ratio of elite class.

Business Concept Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Concept - Term Paper Example As a result of an emerging need for real time transfer of money between people, Money-Air identifies a business opportunity. Consequently, it is developing a product that will use mobile phones as a medium of transferring money from one individual to the other (Schaeffer, 2008). Money-Air has given this problem solving product the name Instant-money. This product is geared towards covering all individuals with mobile phones. Consequently, the customer base is broad and has the potential to expand (Blackwell, 2008). As stated above, instant-money is a product that has its bases on information technology. Mobile phones are platforms that instant-money is used in order to effect its intentions. Therefore, instant-money has enjoyed a potentially big market for almost nearly all adults in the United States of America possess a mobile phone (Barrow & Barrow, 2012). The formulation of this product was intrigued by the need to transfer money between individuals with ease and faster. Instant-money is of importance especially when an individual in dire need of quick money from another person. Consequently, the product is based on real time processing. Therefore, customers make cash transfers in considerably very little time. That notwithstanding, instant-money has a greater competitive advantage as compared to its competitor. Competitors, use a rather time consuming way of transferring money (Blackwell, 2008). As a result, most people prefer products like instant-money since they are fast and can easy to use from whatever place. For every product to thrive in the market, target customers are supposed to identify with the product. Therefore, instant-money targets individuals with little money and depend on cash from others (Barrow & Barrow, 2012). Since there are a lot of emergency situations that need quick money, people prefer instant-money due

A Case of Eating Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Case of Eating Disorder - Essay Example The nutritional counsellor should go ahead to identify the client’s positives and strengths and capitalize on them, in Josephine’s case the counsellor should acknowledge that Josephine takes multivitamins and encourage her to continue doing do. The counsellor goes further and lets the client set her goals including the number of calories that they wish to be taking and the amount of weight they would wish to add. The counsellor then collaborates with the client and comes up with ways that will enable the client to achieve his goals (Treasure, Claudino, & Zucker, 2010). The counsellor should go ahead to point out the clients’ progress every time they meet up. Schedules should be convenient to the client. At least three sessions per week for the first eight weeks, two sessions for the next seven weeks and one session for the last five sessions of the twenty-session schedule. Some of the information that can be collected during follow-ups include how many calories t he client is eating per day, the client’s weight, the number of vomiting episodes and the number of meals the client is consuming on the daily basis. The previously set goals can be assessed by putting the current performance alongside the set goals. This will enable the counselor to gauge accurately if there is any progress that is being made, whether the client is improving or regressing. It is from this information that the counsellor will collaborate with the client in coming up with new measures that will enable the client to achieve her goals quicker.

What the Community Says Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What the Community Says - Assignment Example In the research paper, there is no clearly stated aim, but there is an explanation of public relevance of the strategy. The title of the research paper shows that health promotion is a strategy through which quality of health can be improved. It has a section that describes how health promotion is achieved. This is through an international network. A database was formed to assess health promotion activities. This shows the method used to get data, but it has no clearly defined aim, data collection and data analysis method. The research paper has the following as findings: that the health promotion projects are strongly oriented to the staff and patients, but do not address underlying cultural and structural problems (Groene & Jorgensen, 2005). This research paper has no clearly stated aim, methodology, design, and data collection and analysis method. It has however described the importance of the research findings to the community and the health care industry, and has described its findings. It is through the findings that the aim of the research can be obtained. The methodology, data collection and data analysis methods used can only be obtained by reading through specific topics within it. It should have described all these appropriately. The research topic shows that it is dealing with hospitals and not individuals requiring some ethical approval. It has however, not stated this (Groene & Jorgensen,

Death with Dignity and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Death with Dignity and the Law - Essay Example It is noticeable that Virginia had been suffering from this condition since 1969, and George had been taking care of her ever since. One way George’s act can be interpreted, assuming that he has tried to manipulate the legal authorities, is that he too wanted to put an end to this lifelong service of taking care of Virginia, since according to the deputies, George himself came up with the thought that Virginia did not want any medical care at all, as he has been reported saying that she, â€Å"She didn't want to go to that hospital ... start cutting her toes of† (Skoloff). George and Virginia discussed that being admitted to the hospital is like getting a death sentence, so this was not a favorable option for them. Most probably, George was in a position to have Virginia change her mind even if she did not want to be hospitalized. The details of the incident do not speak of a single moment where George tried to convince Virginia to seek medical care for the treatment of her condition. All he did was cooperate with Virginia in putting an end to her life first by refusing to have her hospitalized and then by fulfilling her wish to be killed. ... Challenges associated with euthanasia Neither George nor Virginia thought about the challenges lying ahead for George in case of having him kill her that could be totally avoided if Virginia put an end to her life herself. Apparently, one cannot sense love in the act of a husband killing his wife especially when the wife was fully equipped to kill herself if she was that serious about it. Even before George shot her, Virginia asked him if this would cause pain, and George convinced her that she would not feel anything. This is strange because firstly, George had never experienced the sensation of being shot in his own entire life so he was not competent to tell her whether this would hurt or not, and secondly, it takes little common sense to tell that shooting somebody hurts. According to George, he and Virginia understood the medical procedure as comprising cutting the dead body tissue after which, Virginia would be taken to a nursing home where she would have to stay until her deat h. Choice of method for euthanasia The most controversial part of the incident is the use of .22 caliber revolver by George to commit the premeditated murder and later called over the part-time caregiver of Virginia to make the confession. George and the caregiver called 911 separately. Meanwhile, Virginia had not died. When George was found on the front porch by the deputies, Virginia was placed in the wheelchair and was alive, still breathing. George did an incomplete job leaving Virginia alive even after shooting her.